The Ruling Party and the Position of Women on Supervisory and Management Boards of Joint-Stock Companies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24917/20833296.212.2Keywords:
gender quotas, women’s position, women on supervisory and management boardsAbstract
The entire population of joint -stock companies registered in Poland in the period from 2001 to 2022 was analyzed using their own databases, as well as all those who served on supervisory boards (SB) and management boards (MB). The results show that the extent of women’s presence on SB and MB was influenced by the ruling party. In the period of the Liberal Party’s rule, the position of women was strengthening, their percentage increased, and they also had more additional seats. In addition, much younger people were appointed as members of SB and MB. During the Conservative Party’s rule, the presence of women decreased, the number of additional seats decreased, and older people were appointed to serve on company boards. When older men were appointed to MB joint -stock companies, less money was spent on investment in the economy. The study used methods to identify ‘change points’ in the time series, studied their stationarity, and checked the correlation of the variables under consideration.
References
Act of 13 June 1997 No. 45 Norwegian Public Limited Liability Companies Act.
Adams, R.B., Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291–309.
Ahern, K.R., Dittmar, A.K. (2012). The changing of the boards: The impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(1), 137–197. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr049.
Aminikhanghahi, S., Cook, D.J. (2017). A survey of methods for time series change point detection. Knowledge and Information Systems, 51, 339–367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-0160987-z.
Atinc, G., Srivastava, S., Taneja, S. (2022). The impact of gender quotas on corporate boards: A cross-country comparative study. Journal of Management and Governance, 26, 685–706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-020-09562-6.
Beer C. (2009). Democracy and gender equality. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44, 212–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-009-9043-2.
Bhardwaj, S. (2022). Decision -making in the recruitment of women on corporate boards: Does gender matter? Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 41(6), 813–830.
Campbell, K., Minguez -Vera A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(3), 435–451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-0079630-y.
Carter, D.A., D’Souza, F., Simkins, B.J., Simpson W.G. (2010). The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(5), 396–414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–8683.2010.00809.x.
Chizema, A., Kamuriwo, D.S., Shinozawa, Y. (2015). Women on corporate boards around the world: Triggers and barriers. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 1051–1065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
leaqua.2015.07.005.
Cowpertwait, P.S.P., Metcalfe, A.V. (2009). Introductory Time Series with R. New York: Springer.
De Cabo R.M., Terjesen, S., Escot, L., Gimeno, R. (2019). Do ‘soft law’ board gender quotas work? Evidence from a natural experiment. European Management Journal, 37(5), 611–624.
Degens, N., Endrass, B., Hofstede, G.J., Beulens, A., André, E. (2017). ‘What I see is not what you get’: Why culture -specific behaviours for virtual characters should be user -tested across cultures, AI & Society, 32, 37–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-014-0567-2.
Deldari, S., Smith, D.V., Xue, H., Salim, F.D. (2021). Time series change point detection with self -supervised contrastive predictive coding. W: J. Leskovec, M. Grobelnik, M. Najork (red.), WWW ’21: roceedings of the Web Conference 2021. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 3124– 3135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3449903.
Dickey, D.A., Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427–431.
Drazkowski, H., Tyrowicz, J., Zalas, S. (2024). Gender board diversity across Europe throughout four decades. Scientific Data, 11, 567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03181-8.
Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2022/2381 z dnia 23 listopada 2022 r. w sprawie poprawy równowagi płci wśród dyrektorów spółek giełdowych oraz powiązanych środków (Tekst mający znaczenie dla EOG) (Dz.Urz. UE L 315 z 7.12.2022, s. 44–59).
Erhardt, N.L., Werbel, J.D., Shrader, C.B. (2003). Board of director diversity and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 11(2), 102–111. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/1467–8683.00011.
Eurostat. (2024, 27 maja). Investment share of GDP by institutional sectors. Pozyskano z: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_08_11/default/table?lang=en.
European Parliament. (2024; 2025, 5 grudnia). Legislative Train 06.2024, 6. A new Push for European Democracy, Gender Balance on Boards – Q4 2012. Pozyskano z: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ legislative -train/carriage/strengthening -the -role -of -equality -bodies-2/report?sid=8201.
Geys, B., Heggedal, T.R., Sørensen, R.J. (2022). Age and vote choice: Is there a conservative shift among older voters? Electoral Studies, 78, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102485.
Greenland: The World’s largest Island. (2024, 2 września). Pozyskano z: https://denmark.dk/people -and-culture/greenland.
Guo, L., Modarres, R. (2020). Nonparametric change point detection for periodic time series. The Canadian Journal of Statistics, 48(3), 518–534.
Heemskerk, E.M., Fennema, M. (2014). Women on board: Female board membership as a form of elite democratization. Enterprise and Society, 15(2), 252–284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/es/kht136.
Hofstede, G. (1984). The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. The Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 389–398.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. New York: McGraw -Hill.
Huse, M., Seierstad, C. (2013). Getting women on to corporate boards: Consequences of the Norwegian gender balance law. The European Financial Review, December–January, 37–39.
Hussain, S.M., Ahmad, N., Fazal, F., Menegaki, A.N. (2024). The impact of female directorship on firm performance: A systematic literature review. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 913–939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00677-2.
Inglehart, R., Norris, P., Welzel, C. (2002). Gender equality and democracy. Comparative Sociology, 1(3–4), 321–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156913302100418628.
IPU Parline. (2024; 2024, 20 sierpnia). Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. Pozyskano z: https://data.ipu.org/women -ranking/?date_year=2024&date_month=06.
Joecks, J., Pull, K., Scharfenkamp, K. (2024). Women directors, board attendance, and corporate financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 32(2), 205–227. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/corg.12525.
Killick, R., Fearnhead, P., Eckley, I.A. (2012). Optimal detection of changepoints with a linear computational cost. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 107(500), 1590–1598. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/01621459.2012.737745.
Killick, R., Eckley, I.A. (2014) changepoint: An R package for changepoint analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 58(3), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v058.i03.
Kulczyńska, K., Matykowski, R. (2023). Kobiety w drodze do Sejmu w latach 2007–2019: analiza z perspektywy geograficzno -elektoralnej. Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, 65, 109–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2023.65.08.
Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. (1991). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers, 979, 1–28.
Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P., Shin Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics, 54(1–3), 159–178.
Latura, A.S., Weeks, A.C. (2021). Corporate board quotas and gender equality policies in the workplace.
American Journal of Political Science, 67(3), 606–622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12709.
Lindsey, L.L. (2015). Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective. London–New York: Routledge.
Matland, R.E. (1998). Women’s representation in national legislatures: Developed and developing countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(1), 109–125.
Mnif, Y., Cherif, I. (2021). Female board directorship and earnings management. Pacific Accounting Review, 33(1), 114–141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-04-2020-0049.
Nor, I.K.I., Ifa, R.M., Intan, M.A.R., Shamsul, N.A. (2019). Gender boardroom quotas: A survey of Malaysian corporate directors. International Journal of Business and Society, 20(3), 968–983.
Pew Research Center. (2024; 2024, 18 września). Age, generational cohorts and party identification. Pozyskano z: https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/age -generational -cohorts -and-party -identification/.
Reynolds, A. (1999). Women in the legislatures and executives of the world: Knocking at the highest glass ceiling. World Politics, 51(4), 547–572.
Rose, C. (2007). Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 404–413.
Ross, G.J. (2015). Parametric and nonparametric sequential change detection in R: The cpm package.
Journal of Statistical Software, 66(3), 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v066.i03.
Rule, W. (1987). Electoral systems, contextual factors and women’s opportunity for election to parliament in twenty -three democracies. The Western Political Quarterly, 40(3), 477–498.
Sinn, M., Ghodsi, A., Keller, K. (2012). Detecting Change‑ Points in Time Series by Maximum Mean Discrepancy of Ordinal Pattern Distributions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1210.4903.
Skjeie, H. (1991). The rhetoric of difference: On women’s inclusion into political ethics. Politics and Society, 19(2), 233–263.
Totleben, B., Domagała, W. (2024). Efekt szklanego sufitu w RN i zarządach polskich spółek akcyjnych. Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie, 72(2), 79–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33119 /KNoP.2024.72.2.6.
Tremblay, M. (2007). Democracy, representation, and women: A comparative analysis. Democratization, 14(4), 533–553, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340701398261.
Truong, C., Oudre, L., Vayatis, N. (2020). Selective review of offline change point detection methods. Signal Processing, 167, 107299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107299.
TVN24. (2024; 2025, 24 listopada). Ile kobiet w nowym Sejmie? Która partia wprowadziła ich najwięcej. Pozyskano z: https://tvn24.pl/wybory -parlamentarne-2023/wybory -parlamentarne-2023-ile-kobiet -w -nowym -sejmie -ktora -partia -wprowadzi -ich -najwiecej -st7396768.
Van den Oever, K., Beerens, B. (2021). Does task -related conflict mediate the board gender diversity–organizational performance relationship? European Management Journal, 39(4), 445–455.
Van Yperen, N.W., Buunk, B.P. (1991). Equity theory, and exchange and communal orientation from a cross -national perspective. The Journal of Social Psychology, 131(1), 5–20. DOI: https://doi.org /10.1080/00224545.1991.9713820.
Waylen, G. (1994). Women and democratization: Conceptualizing gender relations in transition politics. World Politics, 46(3), 327–354.
Zestawienie liczby głosów ważnie oddanych na poszczególnych kandydatów (Monitor Polski 1980, nr 9, poz. 37.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Entrepreneurship – Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons License (CC BY-ND 4.0; Attribution– NoDerivs).
